fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War, as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it alsocame into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York,Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because anew household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

　　Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as wemight now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of thephysics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, wasrudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one thatprevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the meltingof the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts toeconomize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept　the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenthcentury did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation andcirculation needed for an efficient icebox.

　　But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer,Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown wasthe market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidlymelting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for hisbutter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of hisicebox, more explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel tomarket at night in order to keep their produce cool.

　　全文翻譯：冰箱的由來

　　直到 19 世紀中期，冰箱這個名詞才進入了美國語言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國普 通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發展而發展。 冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫院以及被一些 有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。 內戰之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車， 同時也進入了民用。 甚至在 1880 年前，半數在紐約、費城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進入家庭使用，因為一種新的家庭設備，冰箱，即現代冰箱的前身，被發明了。 制造一臺有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡單。19 世紀早期，關于對 冷藏科學至關重要的熱物理知識是很淺陋的。 認為最好的冰箱應該防止冰的融化這樣一個普遍的觀點顯然是錯誤的，因為正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。 早期為節省冰的努力，包括 用毯子把冰包起來，使得冰不能發揮它的作用。直到近 19 世紀末，發明家們才成功地找到 有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環的精確平衡。 但早在 1803 年，一位有發明天才的 馬里蘭農場主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。 他擁有一個農場，離華盛頓約 20 英里， 那里的喬治鎮村莊是集市中心。

　　當他用自己設計的冰箱運送黃油去市場時，他發現顧客們 會走過裝在競爭者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價更高的價格買他仍然新鮮堅硬，整 齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。 莫爾說他的冰箱的一個好處是使得農民們不必在夜里上路去市 場以保持他們產品的低溫。

　　fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War, as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it alsocame into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York,Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because anew household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

　　Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as wemight now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of thephysics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, wasrudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one thatprevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the meltingof the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts toeconomize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept　the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenthcentury did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation andcirculation needed for an efficient icebox.

　　But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer,Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown wasthe market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidlymelting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for hisbutter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of hisicebox, more explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel tomarket at night in order to keep their produce cool.

　　全文翻譯：冰箱的由來

　　直到 19 世紀中期，冰箱這個名詞才進入了美國語言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國普 通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發展而發展。 冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫院以及被一些 有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。 內戰之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車， 同時也進入了民用。 甚至在 1880 年前，半數在紐約、費城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進入家庭使用，因為一種新的家庭設備，冰箱，即現代冰箱的前身，被發明了。 制造一臺有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡單。19 世紀早期，關于對 冷藏科學至關重要的熱物理知識是很淺陋的。 認為最好的冰箱應該防止冰的融化這樣一個普遍的觀點顯然是錯誤的，因為正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。 早期為節省冰的努力，包括 用毯子把冰包起來，使得冰不能發揮它的作用。直到近 19 世紀末，發明家們才成功地找到 有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環的精確平衡。 但早在 1803 年，一位有發明天才的 馬里蘭農場主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。 他擁有一個農場，離華盛頓約 20 英里， 那里的喬治鎮村莊是集市中心。

　　當他用自己設計的冰箱運送黃油去市場時，他發現顧客們 會走過裝在競爭者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價更高的價格買他仍然新鮮堅硬，整 齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。 莫爾說他的冰箱的一個好處是使得農民們不必在夜里上路去市 場以保持他們產品的低溫。