現在分詞

　　一.形式: 現在分詞的一般式是doing, 另外還有一些變化形式如下表

　　主動被動

　　一般式doing being done

　　完成式having donehaving been done

　　二.現在分詞在句中的作用: 作定語, 狀語, 賓語補足語, 表語

　　1.作定語:

　　a. I don't know the quarrelling couple.

　　b. The woman coming to Paris from London was Lucie Manette.

　　2.作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 可以表示時間, 原因, 伴隨動作, 方式等, 或對謂語動詞所表示的動作加以修飾或說明

　　a. Entering the small room, Defarge found Dr Manette making a shoe.

　　b. Knowing that she was an experienced worker, they often asked her for help.

　　c. He ran after me, holding something in his hand.

　　d. Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.

　　e. Having brought her father back to England, Lucie helped him to get better.

　　f. The poor of the cities, having lived such a hard life, took up guns.

　　g. So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him.

　　3.作賓補:

　　a. Dont make any noise! Don you see the child sleeping ?

　　b. I saw them playing on the playground at six oclock.

　　4.作表語:

　　a. The film is very moving (感人的).

　　動名詞

　　一.形式: 動名詞的形式與現在分詞完全相同

　　二.動名詞在句中的作用: 動名詞在句中起著名詞的作用, 可以作主語, 賓語和表語

　　1.作主語:

　　a. Planting wheat close together is very important.

　　b. Listening to music is a pleasure.

　　2.作賓語: 包括動詞的賓語和介詞的賓語

　　a. They have just finished collecting crops.

　　b. This book is about both farming and gardening.

　　c. All of them succeeded in crossing the river.

　　3.作定語:

　　a. He is in the reading room.

　　4.作表語:

　　a. His work is teaching English.

　　三.動名詞的復合結構:

　　動名詞之前可以直接加上其邏輯主語, 用名詞 / 人稱代詞 / 物主代詞 / 名詞所有格來表示 (如果是在句首, 則多用物主代詞 / 名詞所有格來表示). 這種帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結構, 這種結構在句中的作用和單個的動名詞一樣

　　a. Jacks / His going there was a great mistake.

　　b. I dont like young people smoking./ I dont like them smoking.

　　c. I dont like young peoples smoking. / I dont like their smoking.

　　d. There will be no chance for your seeing him again.

　　四.使用動名詞時應注意的問題:

　　1.在動詞want, need, require后接動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思, 相當于want / need / require to be done

　　a. The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.

　　2.在forget, remember, regret, excuse, thank, apologize等動詞后, 可以用動名詞的一般式代替完成式

　　a. She didnt remember meeting him before.

　　b. I regret quarrelling with him.

　　過去分詞

　　一.形式: 過去分詞只有一個形式(參看動詞概述一章有關過去分詞的構成規則)

　　二.過去分詞在句中的作用: 作定語, 狀語, 賓語補足語, 表語

　　1.作定語: 單個過去分詞作定語, 位于它所修飾的詞之前, 如: an organized trip; 過去分詞短語作定語,位于它所修飾的詞之后, 如: a trip organized by the school

　　2.作狀語: 過去分詞作狀語時, 可以表示時間, 原因, 伴隨情況, 條件等

　　a. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.

　　b. Moved by his deeds, the people decided to do their best.

　　c. He went to the house, followed by some children.

　　d. Given more time, he would be able to do better.

　　e. Once discovered, the enemies were completely wiped out.

　　f. Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.

　　3.作表語:

　　a. The lake is badly polluted.

　　4.作賓補:

　　a. We were surprised to find all the trees blown down by the hurricane.

　　b. I saw the thief caught by the police.

　　c. I have made my ideas known to all of them.

　　d. The government had all the streets cleared.

　　常見問題

　　一.非謂語動詞的含義與邏輯主語的問題:

　　不同的非謂語動詞的形式可以充當相同的句子成分, 如不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞都可以作表語、定語、狀語、賓補, 要弄清它們之間的區別, 要把握以下幾大問題:

　　1.非謂語動詞的含義. 非謂語動詞的含義包括兩個方面: ①.時間, 即將做、正做或己做; ②.語態, 即主動或被動

　　①.動詞不定式的各種形式的一般含義見下表:

　　主動被動

　　一般式to do 將做某事to be done將被

　　進行式to be doing正在做某事X

　　完成式to have done己做某事to have been done己經被

　　②.現在分詞或動名詞各種形式的一般含義見下表:

　　主動被動

　　一般式doing 正在做某事being done正在被

　　完成式having done己做某事having been done己經被

　　③.過去分詞或含有被動的含義, 或含有完成的含義, 或兩者兼而有之, 即表示被, 己或己被

　　2.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語: 非謂語動詞的含義所描述的人或事物, 就是非謂語動詞的邏輯主語

　　3.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與句子成分的關系:

　　①.非謂語動詞作狀語時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的主語

　　②.非謂語動詞作賓補時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的賓語

　　③.非謂語動詞作定語時, 其邏輯主語應是被修飾詞

　　④.非謂語動詞作表語時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的主語

　　請結合前文的例句, 仔細體會以上的表述

　　現在分詞

　　一.形式: 現在分詞的一般式是doing, 另外還有一些變化形式如下表

　　主動被動

　　一般式doing being done

　　完成式having donehaving been done

　　二.現在分詞在句中的作用: 作定語, 狀語, 賓語補足語, 表語

　　1.作定語:

　　a. I don't know the quarrelling couple.

　　b. The woman coming to Paris from London was Lucie Manette.

　　2.作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 可以表示時間, 原因, 伴隨動作, 方式等, 或對謂語動詞所表示的動作加以修飾或說明

　　a. Entering the small room, Defarge found Dr Manette making a shoe.

　　b. Knowing that she was an experienced worker, they often asked her for help.

　　c. He ran after me, holding something in his hand.

　　d. Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.

　　e. Having brought her father back to England, Lucie helped him to get better.

　　f. The poor of the cities, having lived such a hard life, took up guns.

　　g. So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him.

　　3.作賓補:

　　a. Dont make any noise! Don you see the child sleeping ?

　　b. I saw them playing on the playground at six oclock.

　　4.作表語:

　　a. The film is very moving (感人的).

　　動名詞

　　一.形式: 動名詞的形式與現在分詞完全相同

　　二.動名詞在句中的作用: 動名詞在句中起著名詞的作用, 可以作主語, 賓語和表語

　　1.作主語:

　　a. Planting wheat close together is very important.

　　b. Listening to music is a pleasure.

　　2.作賓語: 包括動詞的賓語和介詞的賓語

　　a. They have just finished collecting crops.

　　b. This book is about both farming and gardening.

　　c. All of them succeeded in crossing the river.

　　3.作定語:

　　a. He is in the reading room.

　　4.作表語:

　　a. His work is teaching English.

　　三.動名詞的復合結構:

　　動名詞之前可以直接加上其邏輯主語, 用名詞 / 人稱代詞 / 物主代詞 / 名詞所有格來表示 (如果是在句首, 則多用物主代詞 / 名詞所有格來表示). 這種帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結構, 這種結構在句中的作用和單個的動名詞一樣

　　a. Jacks / His going there was a great mistake.

　　b. I dont like young people smoking./ I dont like them smoking.

　　c. I dont like young peoples smoking. / I dont like their smoking.

　　d. There will be no chance for your seeing him again.

　　四.使用動名詞時應注意的問題:

　　1.在動詞want, need, require后接動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思, 相當于want / need / require to be done

　　a. The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.

　　2.在forget, remember, regret, excuse, thank, apologize等動詞后, 可以用動名詞的一般式代替完成式

　　a. She didnt remember meeting him before.

　　b. I regret quarrelling with him.

　　過去分詞

　　一.形式: 過去分詞只有一個形式(參看動詞概述一章有關過去分詞的構成規則)

　　二.過去分詞在句中的作用: 作定語, 狀語, 賓語補足語, 表語

　　1.作定語: 單個過去分詞作定語, 位于它所修飾的詞之前, 如: an organized trip; 過去分詞短語作定語,位于它所修飾的詞之后, 如: a trip organized by the school

　　2.作狀語: 過去分詞作狀語時, 可以表示時間, 原因, 伴隨情況, 條件等

　　a. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.

　　b. Moved by his deeds, the people decided to do their best.

　　c. He went to the house, followed by some children.

　　d. Given more time, he would be able to do better.

　　e. Once discovered, the enemies were completely wiped out.

　　f. Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.

　　3.作表語:

　　a. The lake is badly polluted.

　　4.作賓補:

　　a. We were surprised to find all the trees blown down by the hurricane.

　　b. I saw the thief caught by the police.

　　c. I have made my ideas known to all of them.

　　d. The government had all the streets cleared.

　　常見問題

　　一.非謂語動詞的含義與邏輯主語的問題:

　　不同的非謂語動詞的形式可以充當相同的句子成分, 如不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞都可以作表語、定語、狀語、賓補, 要弄清它們之間的區別, 要把握以下幾大問題:

　　1.非謂語動詞的含義. 非謂語動詞的含義包括兩個方面: ①.時間, 即將做、正做或己做; ②.語態, 即主動或被動

　　①.動詞不定式的各種形式的一般含義見下表:

　　主動被動

　　一般式to do 將做某事to be done將被

　　進行式to be doing正在做某事X

　　完成式to have done己做某事to have been done己經被

　　②.現在分詞或動名詞各種形式的一般含義見下表:

　　主動被動

　　一般式doing 正在做某事being done正在被

　　完成式having done己做某事having been done己經被

　　③.過去分詞或含有被動的含義, 或含有完成的含義, 或兩者兼而有之, 即表示被, 己或己被

　　2.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語: 非謂語動詞的含義所描述的人或事物, 就是非謂語動詞的邏輯主語

　　3.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與句子成分的關系:

　　①.非謂語動詞作狀語時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的主語

　　②.非謂語動詞作賓補時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的賓語

　　③.非謂語動詞作定語時, 其邏輯主語應是被修飾詞

　　④.非謂語動詞作表語時, 其邏輯主語應是句子的主語

　　請結合前文的例句, 仔細體會以上的表述