欄目導(dǎo)引 高頻考 點(diǎn)突破 專題針 對(duì)訓(xùn)練 課堂達(dá) 標(biāo)訓(xùn)練 專題一　閱讀理解 第三講　詞義猜測(cè)題 專題一　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 詞義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解題中的一種常見的題型。詞義猜測(cè)可以是對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對(duì)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新 義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。通過(guò)對(duì)近三年新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷分析統(tǒng)計(jì)來(lái)看，詞義猜測(cè)題一般有1－2題。雖然題量不大，考查相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定，但難度略有增加，需要在復(fù)雜的句式中通過(guò)上下文綜合分析才能得出答案。 在詞義猜測(cè)題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語(yǔ)境，通過(guò)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。 專題一　閱讀理解 單詞或短語(yǔ)意思猜測(cè)題 該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力，這也是一個(gè)從“已知”得出“未知”的過(guò)程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語(yǔ)前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理，有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。考查范圍涉及對(duì)某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義的猜測(cè)、對(duì)某個(gè)熟詞進(jìn)行生義的猜測(cè)或考查該詞能被哪個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)代替等。常見的命題形式有： The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”． Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”． What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?

　　(2024·高考北京卷) The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________． A．silently B．gradually C．regularly

　　D．completely D 【解析】　詞義猜測(cè)題。本題屬于猜測(cè)熟詞的新義。由本段可知，我們能看到物體一類是因?yàn)樗鼈儨p慢了光速和對(duì)光進(jìn)行了散射，使其改變了原來(lái)的路線，而另外一類是因?yàn)樗鼈儗?duì)光線的吸收。既然吸收了，那么在光的傳播過(guò)程中就被完全阻止了，因此這里dead意為“完全地”，故選D。

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed all-night movies 【解析】　詞義猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合畫線部分所在的句子“The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.”尤其是畫線短語(yǔ)前面的I would keep it on說(shuō)明作者非常喜歡看電視，一 直看到電視臺(tái)停止播放節(jié)目為止，故A項(xiàng)“結(jié)束所有的節(jié) 目”與短語(yǔ)sign off “結(jié)束廣播/電視節(jié)目”意義相近，為正確答案。 A 名師點(diǎn)津 對(duì)于此類題目我們可以借助下面這些方法來(lái)答題：(1)“拆 猜”并用來(lái)解決問(wèn)題：閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。此時(shí)可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把該詞的各種詞綴或前后兩個(gè)合成部分拆開，再結(jié)合我們掌握的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，根據(jù)中心詞的含義和詞綴的含義猜測(cè)其意思。(2) 根據(jù)定義或解釋猜詞：如果生詞后有一個(gè)句子(定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句)或段落來(lái)對(duì)其下定義，或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容和引號(hào)、括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。(3)根據(jù)同義詞和反義詞猜詞：在單詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或反義 的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)考生可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推測(cè)其含義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜詞：該方法是根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來(lái)推斷某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。可由表示原因的句意推測(cè)出表示結(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思；也可由表示結(jié)果的句意推測(cè)出表示原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。(5)根據(jù)語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞：有時(shí)作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，在文章中會(huì)用一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的連詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)，如： though，although，but，yet，instead，however，while，rather than 等，考生可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折的語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義。 代 詞 指 代 題 代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語(yǔ)境的邏輯關(guān)系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對(duì)象，包括考查it(指動(dòng)物、無(wú)生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)，he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意義，以考查考生對(duì)文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。常見的命題形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”.

　　What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience. What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________ A．Flooded waters.

　　B．Wildlife journeys. C．Safari camps.

　　D．Unique rides. 【解析】　代詞指代題。做代詞指代題時(shí)一般應(yīng)該從前文查找答案，畫線代詞所在句子與其前一句是并列的，前一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)是the camps，而the camps指前面提到的safari

　　camps，故應(yīng)該選擇C項(xiàng)。

　　C

　　(2024·高考四川卷)However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”． So he tried it． What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat. 【解析】　代詞指代題。根據(jù)So he tried it.中的So一詞可判斷，it指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該在第六段。由文章第六段中的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．可知，物理學(xué)家West提出，在石塊四周捆綁上木棒可以使石塊更容易滾動(dòng)。因此他對(duì)這種方法進(jìn)行了嘗試，故選A項(xiàng)。

　　A 名師點(diǎn)津 解答代詞指代題時(shí)，我們要認(rèn)真閱讀畫線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容，分析人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)作變換的詳細(xì)過(guò)程，理清其來(lái)龍去脈和前后的因果關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其指代的對(duì)象。因此，理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關(guān)鍵。 句 意 猜 測(cè) 題 句意猜測(cè)題通常需要考生猜測(cè)意思的是一個(gè)具有概括性的句子或是格言、諺語(yǔ)等，要求考生通過(guò)閱讀文章，用合適的語(yǔ)句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。常見的命題形式有： The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”． The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．

　　(2024·高考福建卷) While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has

　　done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way. Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________ A．Escape from your punishment. B．Realization of your dreams. C．Freedom from your tension. D．Reduction of your expectations. 【解析】　句意猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一條建議Decide and act before overthinking.(行動(dòng)前不要猶豫不決)可知，要把自己從思想的束縛中解放出來(lái)。release意為“解放”，與freedom同義，根據(jù)句中you’ll be on your way也可得知只有把自己釋放出來(lái)，你才能走出去。 C 名師點(diǎn)津 考查句意理解的試題一般出現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)難句中。對(duì)于這種試題，考生應(yīng)該認(rèn)真閱讀原文，特別是畫線句子的上下文，準(zhǔn)確理解作者的觀點(diǎn)，尤其是對(duì)特定的人、物、事件的褒貶觀點(diǎn)，以準(zhǔn)確推斷語(yǔ)句的含義。 欄目導(dǎo)引 高頻考 點(diǎn)突破 專題針 對(duì)訓(xùn)練 課堂達(dá) 標(biāo)訓(xùn)練 專題一　閱讀理解

　　欄目導(dǎo)引 高頻考 點(diǎn)突破 專題針 對(duì)訓(xùn)練 課堂達(dá) 標(biāo)訓(xùn)練 專題一　閱讀理解 第三講　詞義猜測(cè)題 專題一　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 詞義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解題中的一種常見的題型。詞義猜測(cè)可以是對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對(duì)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新 義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。通過(guò)對(duì)近三年新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷分析統(tǒng)計(jì)來(lái)看，詞義猜測(cè)題一般有1－2題。雖然題量不大，考查相對(duì)比較穩(wěn)定，但難度略有增加，需要在復(fù)雜的句式中通過(guò)上下文綜合分析才能得出答案。 在詞義猜測(cè)題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語(yǔ)境，通過(guò)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。 專題一　閱讀理解 單詞或短語(yǔ)意思猜測(cè)題 該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力，這也是一個(gè)從“已知”得出“未知”的過(guò)程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語(yǔ)前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理，有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。考查范圍涉及對(duì)某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義的猜測(cè)、對(duì)某個(gè)熟詞進(jìn)行生義的猜測(cè)或考查該詞能被哪個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)代替等。常見的命題形式有： The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”． Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”． What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?

　　(2024·高考北京卷) The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________． A．silently B．gradually C．regularly

　　D．completely D 【解析】　詞義猜測(cè)題。本題屬于猜測(cè)熟詞的新義。由本段可知，我們能看到物體一類是因?yàn)樗鼈儨p慢了光速和對(duì)光進(jìn)行了散射，使其改變了原來(lái)的路線，而另外一類是因?yàn)樗鼈儗?duì)光線的吸收。既然吸收了，那么在光的傳播過(guò)程中就被完全阻止了，因此這里dead意為“完全地”，故選D。

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed all-night movies 【解析】　詞義猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合畫線部分所在的句子“The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.”尤其是畫線短語(yǔ)前面的I would keep it on說(shuō)明作者非常喜歡看電視，一 直看到電視臺(tái)停止播放節(jié)目為止，故A項(xiàng)“結(jié)束所有的節(jié) 目”與短語(yǔ)sign off “結(jié)束廣播/電視節(jié)目”意義相近，為正確答案。 A 名師點(diǎn)津 對(duì)于此類題目我們可以借助下面這些方法來(lái)答題：(1)“拆 猜”并用來(lái)解決問(wèn)題：閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。此時(shí)可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把該詞的各種詞綴或前后兩個(gè)合成部分拆開，再結(jié)合我們掌握的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，根據(jù)中心詞的含義和詞綴的含義猜測(cè)其意思。(2) 根據(jù)定義或解釋猜詞：如果生詞后有一個(gè)句子(定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句)或段落來(lái)對(duì)其下定義，或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容和引號(hào)、括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。(3)根據(jù)同義詞和反義詞猜詞：在單詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或反義 的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)考生可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推測(cè)其含義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜詞：該方法是根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來(lái)推斷某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。可由表示原因的句意推測(cè)出表示結(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思；也可由表示結(jié)果的句意推測(cè)出表示原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。(5)根據(jù)語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞：有時(shí)作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，在文章中會(huì)用一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的連詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)，如： though，although，but，yet，instead，however，while，rather than 等，考生可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折的語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義。 代 詞 指 代 題 代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語(yǔ)境的邏輯關(guān)系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對(duì)象，包括考查it(指動(dòng)物、無(wú)生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)，he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意義，以考查考生對(duì)文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。常見的命題形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”.

　　What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience. What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________ A．Flooded waters.

　　B．Wildlife journeys. C．Safari camps.

　　D．Unique rides. 【解析】　代詞指代題。做代詞指代題時(shí)一般應(yīng)該從前文查找答案，畫線代詞所在句子與其前一句是并列的，前一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)是the camps，而the camps指前面提到的safari

　　camps，故應(yīng)該選擇C項(xiàng)。

　　C

　　(2024·高考四川卷)However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”． So he tried it． What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat. 【解析】　代詞指代題。根據(jù)So he tried it.中的So一詞可判斷，it指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該在第六段。由文章第六段中的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．可知，物理學(xué)家West提出，在石塊四周捆綁上木棒可以使石塊更容易滾動(dòng)。因此他對(duì)這種方法進(jìn)行了嘗試，故選A項(xiàng)。

　　A 名師點(diǎn)津 解答代詞指代題時(shí)，我們要認(rèn)真閱讀畫線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容，分析人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)作變換的詳細(xì)過(guò)程，理清其來(lái)龍去脈和前后的因果關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其指代的對(duì)象。因此，理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關(guān)鍵。 句 意 猜 測(cè) 題 句意猜測(cè)題通常需要考生猜測(cè)意思的是一個(gè)具有概括性的句子或是格言、諺語(yǔ)等，要求考生通過(guò)閱讀文章，用合適的語(yǔ)句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。常見的命題形式有： The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”． The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．

　　(2024·高考福建卷) While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has

　　done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way. Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________ A．Escape from your punishment. B．Realization of your dreams. C．Freedom from your tension. D．Reduction of your expectations. 【解析】　句意猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一條建議Decide and act before overthinking.(行動(dòng)前不要猶豫不決)可知，要把自己從思想的束縛中解放出來(lái)。release意為“解放”，與freedom同義，根據(jù)句中you’ll be on your way也可得知只有把自己釋放出來(lái)，你才能走出去。 C 名師點(diǎn)津 考查句意理解的試題一般出現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)難句中。對(duì)于這種試題，考生應(yīng)該認(rèn)真閱讀原文，特別是畫線句子的上下文，準(zhǔn)確理解作者的觀點(diǎn)，尤其是對(duì)特定的人、物、事件的褒貶觀點(diǎn)，以準(zhǔn)確推斷語(yǔ)句的含義。 欄目導(dǎo)引 高頻考 點(diǎn)突破 專題針 對(duì)訓(xùn)練 課堂達(dá) 標(biāo)訓(xùn)練 專題一　閱讀理解