Splay-footed, not flat-footed

　　八字足，而非平足

　　A new fossil shows that evolution does not alwaysmean change

　　一個(gè)新的化石表明：進(jìn)化并不總是意味著改變

　　Then and now

　　過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在

　　WHEN a coelacanth, a type of lobe-finned fish once considered the missing link between fishand amphibians, was found off the coast of South Africa in 1938, it came as a shock topalaeontologists.

　　以前人們一度認(rèn)為一種叫做腔棘魚(yú)的鰭魚(yú)是魚(yú)類和兩棲類之間缺少的環(huán)節(jié)，1938年當(dāng)腔棘魚(yú)在南非海岸沿海被發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，古生物學(xué)家對(duì)它的出現(xiàn)大感震驚。

　　Until then, the most recent traces ofsuch a creature had been in rocks dating from the last days of the dinosaurs, 65m yearsago.

　　在此之前，這種動(dòng)物最近的遺跡出現(xiàn)在6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍時(shí)代后期的巖層中。

　　It was, in its way, as surprising as if a live Tyrannosaurus had been found hiding in anobscure part of Montana.

　　而它這次的出現(xiàn)方式，就好像一個(gè)活生生的霸王龍屬被發(fā)現(xiàn)藏身在蒙大拿州的模糊地帶一樣令人驚訝。

　　Now the same experience is hitting palaeontologists againbut this time in reverse.Instead of finding a living fossil identical to an ancient beast, they have found a real fossilidentical to a modern one.

　　現(xiàn)在，同樣的經(jīng)歷再次讓古生物學(xué)家碰上了，不過(guò)這次相反。他們不是找到了一個(gè)與古獸相同的活化石，而是找到了一個(gè)跟現(xiàn)代獸類相同的真正化石。

　　The fossil in question, a 100m-year-old specimen from north-east Brazil, belongs to the genusSchizodactylus.

　　所討論的的化石采自巴西東北部，是一億年前的標(biāo)本，屬于節(jié)肢動(dòng)物類。

　　These are large, carnivorous, cricket-like insects whose feet splay out wildly in differentdirections.

　　這類節(jié)肢動(dòng)物是大型類似板球的食肉昆蟲(chóng)，其足向不同方向伸展開(kāi)來(lái)。

　　Modern Schizodactylus use their feet like snowshoes, to help them remain stable as theytravel over sandy terrain in search of prey.

　　現(xiàn)代節(jié)肢動(dòng)物在沙地爬行尋找獵物時(shí)用它們雪鞋般的腳來(lái)幫助身體保持穩(wěn)定。

　　If the new fossilwhose discovery has just been published in ZooKeys by Sam Heads of theIllinois Natural History Survey and La Leuzinger of the University of Fribourg, inSwitzerlandwere merely similar to modern splay-footed insects, the find would not beparticularly surprising:

　　如果新化石其發(fā)現(xiàn)剛由伊利諾斯州自然史調(diào)查的負(fù)責(zé)人山姆和瑞士弗里堡大學(xué)的李?勞伊辛格發(fā)表在《動(dòng)物圖譜》上僅是類似現(xiàn)代的八字足昆蟲(chóng)，那么這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)不會(huì)特別令人驚訝：

　　it simply demonstrates a phenomenon called evolutionary stasis, in which a specific typeof body form hangs around for a long time.

　　它只是證明了一種被稱為進(jìn)化停滯的現(xiàn)象，在這種現(xiàn)象中特定類型的體型存留很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。

　　What is surprising is just how static Schizodactylus has been.

　　令人驚訝的是節(jié)肢動(dòng)物停止進(jìn)化竟有這么久了。

　　Evolutionary stasis is fairly common at the higher levels of the Linnaean system of biologicalclassification.

　　在林耐生物分類系統(tǒng)的高等類別中進(jìn)化停滯現(xiàn)象是相當(dāng)普遍的。

　　Natural selection hits on a good design.

　　自然選擇的圖案都是最好的。

　　That design is then adopted in slightly different forms by species after species.

　　然后，這種圖案就被一個(gè)接一個(gè)的物種以略有不同的形式所采納。

　　The shelled bodies of turtles, for example, evolved between 250m and 200m years ago, whilethe body plans of scorpions have been around for more than 400m years.

　　例如，海龜?shù)臍んw是在2.5～2.0億年前進(jìn)化的，而蝎子的體型方案已超過(guò)4億年的歷史。

　　That does not mean, however, that a zoologist would mistake a 200m-year-old turtle or a400m-year-old scorpion for any species now alive.

　　然而這并不意味著一個(gè)動(dòng)物學(xué)家會(huì)弄錯(cuò)2億歲的海龜或是4億歲的蝎子屬于現(xiàn)在存活的何種物種。

　　What is remarkable about the new find is that it is so similar to modern animals that it canbe assigned to an existing genusthe lowest level of Linnaean classification above aspeciesrather than just to some higher taxonomic group.

　　新發(fā)現(xiàn)引人注目的是它與現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物如此相似，以致它可以被列入現(xiàn)有生物分類種類，而不是只被列入某一更高等的分類組。

　　That is rare indeed.

　　這的確罕見(jiàn)。

　　Even the modern coelacanth, on closer examination, had to be put in a different genus fromany known fossil.

　　經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察，甚至就連現(xiàn)代腔棘魚(yú)都必須得歸類于不同于任何已知化石的種類。

　　Clearly the body plan of Schizodactylus is not merely good, but optimal, at least for theenvironment the animal lives in.

　　顯然，節(jié)肢動(dòng)物的體型方案不僅是最好的，也是最佳的，至少對(duì)這種動(dòng)物生活的環(huán)境而言是如此。

　　Alas for Schizodactylus, the sandy deserts it prefers have retreated from north-eastern Braziland its optimality there has vanished.

　　唉，對(duì)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，它所喜愛(ài)的沙質(zhì)沙漠已經(jīng)從巴西東北部退卻，它在那里的最佳體態(tài)已經(jīng)消失。

　　But its discovery shows better what this part of the world was like 100m years agoand alsoillustrates an important point about evolution that is often forgotten in biologists understandable focus on the development of novelty. The first rule of natural selection is:If it ain t broke, don t fix it.

　　但它的發(fā)現(xiàn)恰好說(shuō)明這部分的大千世界跟1億年前的樣子很象，也說(shuō)明了進(jìn)化論的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，而這點(diǎn)在生物學(xué)家關(guān)注理解新穎性的發(fā)展時(shí)往往被遺忘了。自然選擇的第一條規(guī)則是：如果沒(méi)壞，就不要修理它。

　　詞語(yǔ)解釋

　　1.evolution n.進(jìn)化;發(fā)展

　　Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallacediscovered evolution independently.

　　查爾斯達(dá)爾文和阿爾弗雷德 羅素華萊士各自獨(dú)立地發(fā)現(xiàn)了進(jìn)化論。

　　2.amphibian a.兩棲類的;水陸兩用的

　　It is being actively pursued by amphibianspecialists, for example.

　　舉個(gè)例，許多兩棲類生物研究專家正積極的從事這項(xiàng)工作。

　　3.creature n.生物;動(dòng)物

　　We can t see microscopic creature with naked eyes.

　　我們不能用肉眼看到微生物。

　　4.dinosaur n.恐龍

　　The blue whale is bigger than the biggest dinosaur.

　　藍(lán)鯨比最大的恐龍還要大。

　　5.experience n.經(jīng)驗(yàn);經(jīng)歷

　　He has had no previous experience in this kind of job.

　　他從前沒(méi)有做這種工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　Splay-footed, not flat-footed

　　八字足，而非平足

　　A new fossil shows that evolution does not alwaysmean change

　　一個(gè)新的化石表明：進(jìn)化并不總是意味著改變

　　Then and now

　　過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在

　　WHEN a coelacanth, a type of lobe-finned fish once considered the missing link between fishand amphibians, was found off the coast of South Africa in 1938, it came as a shock topalaeontologists.

　　以前人們一度認(rèn)為一種叫做腔棘魚(yú)的鰭魚(yú)是魚(yú)類和兩棲類之間缺少的環(huán)節(jié)，1938年當(dāng)腔棘魚(yú)在南非海岸沿海被發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，古生物學(xué)家對(duì)它的出現(xiàn)大感震驚。

　　Until then, the most recent traces ofsuch a creature had been in rocks dating from the last days of the dinosaurs, 65m yearsago.

　　在此之前，這種動(dòng)物最近的遺跡出現(xiàn)在6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍時(shí)代后期的巖層中。

　　It was, in its way, as surprising as if a live Tyrannosaurus had been found hiding in anobscure part of Montana.

　　而它這次的出現(xiàn)方式，就好像一個(gè)活生生的霸王龍屬被發(fā)現(xiàn)藏身在蒙大拿州的模糊地帶一樣令人驚訝。

　　Now the same experience is hitting palaeontologists againbut this time in reverse.Instead of finding a living fossil identical to an ancient beast, they have found a real fossilidentical to a modern one.

　　現(xiàn)在，同樣的經(jīng)歷再次讓古生物學(xué)家碰上了，不過(guò)這次相反。他們不是找到了一個(gè)與古獸相同的活化石，而是找到了一個(gè)跟現(xiàn)代獸類相同的真正化石。

　　The fossil in question, a 100m-year-old specimen from north-east Brazil, belongs to the genusSchizodactylus.

　　所討論的的化石采自巴西東北部，是一億年前的標(biāo)本，屬于節(jié)肢動(dòng)物類。

　　These are large, carnivorous, cricket-like insects whose feet splay out wildly in differentdirections.

　　這類節(jié)肢動(dòng)物是大型類似板球的食肉昆蟲(chóng)，其足向不同方向伸展開(kāi)來(lái)。

　　Modern Schizodactylus use their feet like snowshoes, to help them remain stable as theytravel over sandy terrain in search of prey.

　　現(xiàn)代節(jié)肢動(dòng)物在沙地爬行尋找獵物時(shí)用它們雪鞋般的腳來(lái)幫助身體保持穩(wěn)定。

　　If the new fossilwhose discovery has just been published in ZooKeys by Sam Heads of theIllinois Natural History Survey and La Leuzinger of the University of Fribourg, inSwitzerlandwere merely similar to modern splay-footed insects, the find would not beparticularly surprising:

　　如果新化石其發(fā)現(xiàn)剛由伊利諾斯州自然史調(diào)查的負(fù)責(zé)人山姆和瑞士弗里堡大學(xué)的李?勞伊辛格發(fā)表在《動(dòng)物圖譜》上僅是類似現(xiàn)代的八字足昆蟲(chóng)，那么這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)不會(huì)特別令人驚訝：

　　it simply demonstrates a phenomenon called evolutionary stasis, in which a specific typeof body form hangs around for a long time.

　　它只是證明了一種被稱為進(jìn)化停滯的現(xiàn)象，在這種現(xiàn)象中特定類型的體型存留很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。

　　What is surprising is just how static Schizodactylus has been.

　　令人驚訝的是節(jié)肢動(dòng)物停止進(jìn)化竟有這么久了。

　　Evolutionary stasis is fairly common at the higher levels of the Linnaean system of biologicalclassification.

　　在林耐生物分類系統(tǒng)的高等類別中進(jìn)化停滯現(xiàn)象是相當(dāng)普遍的。

　　Natural selection hits on a good design.

　　自然選擇的圖案都是最好的。

　　That design is then adopted in slightly different forms by species after species.

　　然后，這種圖案就被一個(gè)接一個(gè)的物種以略有不同的形式所采納。

　　The shelled bodies of turtles, for example, evolved between 250m and 200m years ago, whilethe body plans of scorpions have been around for more than 400m years.

　　例如，海龜?shù)臍んw是在2.5～2.0億年前進(jìn)化的，而蝎子的體型方案已超過(guò)4億年的歷史。

　　That does not mean, however, that a zoologist would mistake a 200m-year-old turtle or a400m-year-old scorpion for any species now alive.

　　然而這并不意味著一個(gè)動(dòng)物學(xué)家會(huì)弄錯(cuò)2億歲的海龜或是4億歲的蝎子屬于現(xiàn)在存活的何種物種。

　　What is remarkable about the new find is that it is so similar to modern animals that it canbe assigned to an existing genusthe lowest level of Linnaean classification above aspeciesrather than just to some higher taxonomic group.

　　新發(fā)現(xiàn)引人注目的是它與現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物如此相似，以致它可以被列入現(xiàn)有生物分類種類，而不是只被列入某一更高等的分類組。

　　That is rare indeed.

　　這的確罕見(jiàn)。

　　Even the modern coelacanth, on closer examination, had to be put in a different genus fromany known fossil.

　　經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察，甚至就連現(xiàn)代腔棘魚(yú)都必須得歸類于不同于任何已知化石的種類。

　　Clearly the body plan of Schizodactylus is not merely good, but optimal, at least for theenvironment the animal lives in.

　　顯然，節(jié)肢動(dòng)物的體型方案不僅是最好的，也是最佳的，至少對(duì)這種動(dòng)物生活的環(huán)境而言是如此。

　　Alas for Schizodactylus, the sandy deserts it prefers have retreated from north-eastern Braziland its optimality there has vanished.

　　唉，對(duì)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，它所喜愛(ài)的沙質(zhì)沙漠已經(jīng)從巴西東北部退卻，它在那里的最佳體態(tài)已經(jīng)消失。

　　But its discovery shows better what this part of the world was like 100m years agoand alsoillustrates an important point about evolution that is often forgotten in biologists understandable focus on the development of novelty. The first rule of natural selection is:If it ain t broke, don t fix it.

　　但它的發(fā)現(xiàn)恰好說(shuō)明這部分的大千世界跟1億年前的樣子很象，也說(shuō)明了進(jìn)化論的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，而這點(diǎn)在生物學(xué)家關(guān)注理解新穎性的發(fā)展時(shí)往往被遺忘了。自然選擇的第一條規(guī)則是：如果沒(méi)壞，就不要修理它。

　　詞語(yǔ)解釋

　　1.evolution n.進(jìn)化;發(fā)展

　　Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallacediscovered evolution independently.

　　查爾斯達(dá)爾文和阿爾弗雷德 羅素華萊士各自獨(dú)立地發(fā)現(xiàn)了進(jìn)化論。

　　2.amphibian a.兩棲類的;水陸兩用的

　　It is being actively pursued by amphibianspecialists, for example.

　　舉個(gè)例，許多兩棲類生物研究專家正積極的從事這項(xiàng)工作。

　　3.creature n.生物;動(dòng)物

　　We can t see microscopic creature with naked eyes.

　　我們不能用肉眼看到微生物。

　　4.dinosaur n.恐龍

　　The blue whale is bigger than the biggest dinosaur.

　　藍(lán)鯨比最大的恐龍還要大。

　　5.experience n.經(jīng)驗(yàn);經(jīng)歷

　　He has had no previous experience in this kind of job.

　　他從前沒(méi)有做這種工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。