Education and race

　　教育與種族

　　IN APRIL Kumon, a Japanese firm, opened a tuition centre in Small Heath, a poor district ofBirmingham. Its lessons are fairly cheap: about ￡55 a month for twice-weekly Englishand maths classes and homework. As in many of Kumons 680 British outfits, its clients arediverse. Many are south Asian; a few are eastern European; none is white and British.

　　4月，日本公司Kumon在伯明翰市的貧困地區小希思開設了一家講學中心。它的課程非常便宜：只需大約55英鎊就能獲得2周英文和數學的課程，還包括了家庭作業。Kumon在英國有680家機構，它們的顧客構成非常豐富。很多都是來自南亞的人，少部分是來自東歐的;而幾乎沒有白人和英國人。

　　In much ofEurope, pupils from many ethnic minorities linger at the bottom of the heap, saysChris Hamnett of Kings College London. That used to be true inBritaintoobut not any more.Every ethnic-minority group that trails white Britons in GCSE exams, normally taken at 16,is catching up. Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites; now they do better. Indianshave maintained a huge lead. All this despite the fact that ethnic minorities are poorer thanaverage. Control for that, by looking at pupils who are entitled to free school meals, and allethnic-minority groups now do well.

　　倫敦國王學院的克麗絲 哈姆尼特說，在很多歐洲國家，少數名族學生一般在底層扎堆。過去在英國也是這樣但現在完全不同了。每一個在普通中等教育證書考試中輸給英國白人的少數民族學生通常在他們16歲的時候就能趕上英國人。孟加拉裔過去曾不如白人;但現在他們更加優秀。印度人則一直保持著巨大的領先。所有這些都說明了少數民族學生并不比平均水平差。而且通過觀察獲得免費校園午餐的學生我們不難看出幾乎所有的少數民族學生都表現出色。

　　But some fare better than others. One difference is imported social capital: Indians, whowere middle-class when they arrived inBritain, have lots. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, whooften came from rural parts of their homelands, have less. Tenure inBritainmatters too.Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system.Better-established folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. Afew are in a sweet spot in between.

　　但是有些學生的遭遇比其它人更好一些。其中一個差異就是外來人員的社會階級：大部分來到英國的印度人都是中產階級，他們擁有更多福利。而孟加拉人和巴基斯坦人則多半是來自農村，他們則明顯無法享受那么多福利。在英國的居住時間同樣有影響。新來者有強烈的移民愿望但苦于不能理解整個體系。有些人已經較好地了解了事情如何運轉，但他們中的很多人已經失去了自己夢想。極少一部分人能夠很好地平衡這些問題，讓自己處在一個很完美的狀態。

　　Bangladeshis certainly seem to be. They arrived in large numbers from the 1970s and arenow settled, largely inLondon. Plenty are still poor: half fall into the lowest income quintile.But the parents of many children now in school grew up speaking English and attended Britishschools. They not only understand the system but are shaping it. In 1987 the Collective ofBangladeshi School Governors was set up in theLondonborough of Tower Hamlets, where afifth ofBritains Bangladeshis live. Shahanur Khan, its chairman, encourages parents to getinvolved in local schools. Parents are increasingly pushy: one mother recently complained tohim that her children were not getting enough homework.

　　孟加拉人明顯就是這種類型。他們于上世紀70年代大量來到倫敦，而且現在已經站穩了腳跟。他們中的大多數依然很窮：幾乎半數人都是收入最低的群體。但是很多孩子的父母都開始學習說英語并且開始在英國學校求學。他們不但理解了整個體系并且在讓自己適應這個體系。1987年孟加拉人學校管理者集團在倫敦哈姆雷特鎮成立了，在英國五分之一的孟加拉人生活在那。它的主席莎哈雅 可汗鼓勵父母們去加入當地的學校。父母們越來越有進取心：最近一個月來對他的抱怨就是她孩子的家庭作業不夠多。

　　Somalis arrived much more recently: just 9% of Somali pupils were born inBritaincomparedwith 83% of Bangladeshis. And they struggle. Many parents came as asylum-seekers andspeak little English. Just one in ten Somalis is in full-time work. But their children are faringbetter, along with other black Africans. In Lambeth, a borough ofLondon, 61% of Somalipupils got five good GCSEs last year, up from 11% in 2007. Schools employ Somali teachingassistants to help parents and children with their English. The council organises an awardsceremony for outstanding students. And, increasingly, parents pay for extra tuition.

　　索馬里人則是最近一段時間內較多的移民者：相比于83%的孟加拉學生出生在英國，只有9%的索馬里學生是這樣的。并且他們在抗爭。很多父母都是為了尋求避難所而來并且幾乎不會說英語。只有十分之一的索馬里人有全職工作。但是他們的孩子和其它非洲黑人相比表現得優秀得多。在倫敦市的蘭貝斯鎮，索馬里學生在普通中等教育證書考試中獲得了5A成績的人數從2007年的11%上漲到了去年的61%。學校雇傭索馬里裔老師去幫助家長和孩子學習英語。當地居委會為杰出的學生舉辦授獎儀式。同時的，父母們因為請課外輔導也需要支付額外的學費。

　　That is another reason black and Asian children are doing better. Saturday schools have longbeen common, but parents are increasingly turning to private tutors. In a survey of 11- to16-year-olds by the Sutton Trust, an education charity, 45% of Asian children said theyreceived some kind of private tuition compared with 20% of white pupils. Another studysuggests that Somalis are more likely to receive tuition than average, too. Supply hasincreased along with demand. Karamat Iqbal, director of Forward Partnership, an educationconsultancy in Birmingham, sees growing numbers of Pakistani graduates, who themselvesattended British schools, working as tutors.

　　周末學校課程已經變得很常見，但是父母漸漸得更傾向于私人教師。那也是黑人和亞洲學生表現更出色的一個原因。一個教育愛心組織薩頓托管會關于11到16歲學生的調查顯示，相比20%接受私人輔導的白人學生，45%的亞洲學生有私人教師。另外一個研究顯示，相比平均水平索馬里的學生更可能得到私人輔導。供給也隨著需求的上升而上漲。伯明翰教育機構前程伙伴的主席卡馬特 伊克巴爾表示隨著越來越多的巴基斯坦人畢業，他們開始進入英國學校開始作為一個助教工作。

　　Black Caribbeans, a long-established group, are doing better but not dramatically so. Theyhave mostly lost immigrant zeal: many doubt that education will make much difference totheir chances in life, suggests Steve Strand, a professor of education atOxfordUniversity. Andsome teachers may be conflating bad behaviour with a lack ofaptitude. Afro-Caribbeans are less likely to be entered into higher tiers for exams wherethey could obtain the best grades.

　　而很早就站穩腳跟的加勒比黑人最近也表現得更加出色了但卻不是那么引人注目。牛津大學教授斯蒂文 斯特蘭德表示：他們中的大多數已經失去了移民的熱情，很多人懷疑教育是否會讓他們的人生有更多地機會。而且一些老師可能將惡劣的行為與缺乏學習天賦混為一談加勒比黑人很難去參加那些能取得好成績的考試。

　　Job prospects for ethnic minorities are not yet improving commensurately with their schoolresults. Despite their success in exams, Mr Khan worries that Bangladeshi students arechoosing easy A-levels, such as sociology and psychology, which limit their options.Pakistani pupils inBirminghamare doing better, says Mr Iqbal, but too many are still drivingtaxis and running corner shops or cheap restaurants.

　　為少數名族學生準備的工作卻沒有隨著他們學校成績的提高而增多。除開他們在考試中的成功不談，可汗擔心孟加拉學生去選擇一些容易拿A的科目，例如社會學和心理學，這可能會限制他們將來的發展。伊克巴爾表示伯明翰的巴基斯坦學生則做的好一些，但是有太多人依然在開出租車 經營街角商店和低端餐館。

　　Still, blacks and especially Asians are edging their way into the professions. Fully 2,087 BritishPakistanis started studying law at university in 2011, up from 478 in 2000. Some of thoselong-held ambitions are now being realised.

　　黑人尤其是亞裔人仍然在讓他們求職的路上緩慢前行。學習法律的巴基斯坦裔的從2000年的478人增加到了2011年的2087人。他們中一些曾有遠大理想的人現在也已經實現了。

　　Education and race

　　教育與種族

　　IN APRIL Kumon, a Japanese firm, opened a tuition centre in Small Heath, a poor district ofBirmingham. Its lessons are fairly cheap: about ￡55 a month for twice-weekly Englishand maths classes and homework. As in many of Kumons 680 British outfits, its clients arediverse. Many are south Asian; a few are eastern European; none is white and British.

　　4月，日本公司Kumon在伯明翰市的貧困地區小希思開設了一家講學中心。它的課程非常便宜：只需大約55英鎊就能獲得2周英文和數學的課程，還包括了家庭作業。Kumon在英國有680家機構，它們的顧客構成非常豐富。很多都是來自南亞的人，少部分是來自東歐的;而幾乎沒有白人和英國人。

　　In much ofEurope, pupils from many ethnic minorities linger at the bottom of the heap, saysChris Hamnett of Kings College London. That used to be true inBritaintoobut not any more.Every ethnic-minority group that trails white Britons in GCSE exams, normally taken at 16,is catching up. Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites; now they do better. Indianshave maintained a huge lead. All this despite the fact that ethnic minorities are poorer thanaverage. Control for that, by looking at pupils who are entitled to free school meals, and allethnic-minority groups now do well.

　　倫敦國王學院的克麗絲 哈姆尼特說，在很多歐洲國家，少數名族學生一般在底層扎堆。過去在英國也是這樣但現在完全不同了。每一個在普通中等教育證書考試中輸給英國白人的少數民族學生通常在他們16歲的時候就能趕上英國人。孟加拉裔過去曾不如白人;但現在他們更加優秀。印度人則一直保持著巨大的領先。所有這些都說明了少數民族學生并不比平均水平差。而且通過觀察獲得免費校園午餐的學生我們不難看出幾乎所有的少數民族學生都表現出色。

　　But some fare better than others. One difference is imported social capital: Indians, whowere middle-class when they arrived inBritain, have lots. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, whooften came from rural parts of their homelands, have less. Tenure inBritainmatters too.Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system.Better-established folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. Afew are in a sweet spot in between.

　　但是有些學生的遭遇比其它人更好一些。其中一個差異就是外來人員的社會階級：大部分來到英國的印度人都是中產階級，他們擁有更多福利。而孟加拉人和巴基斯坦人則多半是來自農村，他們則明顯無法享受那么多福利。在英國的居住時間同樣有影響。新來者有強烈的移民愿望但苦于不能理解整個體系。有些人已經較好地了解了事情如何運轉，但他們中的很多人已經失去了自己夢想。極少一部分人能夠很好地平衡這些問題，讓自己處在一個很完美的狀態。

　　Bangladeshis certainly seem to be. They arrived in large numbers from the 1970s and arenow settled, largely inLondon. Plenty are still poor: half fall into the lowest income quintile.But the parents of many children now in school grew up speaking English and attended Britishschools. They not only understand the system but are shaping it. In 1987 the Collective ofBangladeshi School Governors was set up in theLondonborough of Tower Hamlets, where afifth ofBritains Bangladeshis live. Shahanur Khan, its chairman, encourages parents to getinvolved in local schools. Parents are increasingly pushy: one mother recently complained tohim that her children were not getting enough homework.

　　孟加拉人明顯就是這種類型。他們于上世紀70年代大量來到倫敦，而且現在已經站穩了腳跟。他們中的大多數依然很窮：幾乎半數人都是收入最低的群體。但是很多孩子的父母都開始學習說英語并且開始在英國學校求學。他們不但理解了整個體系并且在讓自己適應這個體系。1987年孟加拉人學校管理者集團在倫敦哈姆雷特鎮成立了，在英國五分之一的孟加拉人生活在那。它的主席莎哈雅 可汗鼓勵父母們去加入當地的學校。父母們越來越有進取心：最近一個月來對他的抱怨就是她孩子的家庭作業不夠多。

　　Somalis arrived much more recently: just 9% of Somali pupils were born inBritaincomparedwith 83% of Bangladeshis. And they struggle. Many parents came as asylum-seekers andspeak little English. Just one in ten Somalis is in full-time work. But their children are faringbetter, along with other black Africans. In Lambeth, a borough ofLondon, 61% of Somalipupils got five good GCSEs last year, up from 11% in 2007. Schools employ Somali teachingassistants to help parents and children with their English. The council organises an awardsceremony for outstanding students. And, increasingly, parents pay for extra tuition.

　　索馬里人則是最近一段時間內較多的移民者：相比于83%的孟加拉學生出生在英國，只有9%的索馬里學生是這樣的。并且他們在抗爭。很多父母都是為了尋求避難所而來并且幾乎不會說英語。只有十分之一的索馬里人有全職工作。但是他們的孩子和其它非洲黑人相比表現得優秀得多。在倫敦市的蘭貝斯鎮，索馬里學生在普通中等教育證書考試中獲得了5A成績的人數從2007年的11%上漲到了去年的61%。學校雇傭索馬里裔老師去幫助家長和孩子學習英語。當地居委會為杰出的學生舉辦授獎儀式。同時的，父母們因為請課外輔導也需要支付額外的學費。

　　That is another reason black and Asian children are doing better. Saturday schools have longbeen common, but parents are increasingly turning to private tutors. In a survey of 11- to16-year-olds by the Sutton Trust, an education charity, 45% of Asian children said theyreceived some kind of private tuition compared with 20% of white pupils. Another studysuggests that Somalis are more likely to receive tuition than average, too. Supply hasincreased along with demand. Karamat Iqbal, director of Forward Partnership, an educationconsultancy in Birmingham, sees growing numbers of Pakistani graduates, who themselvesattended British schools, working as tutors.

　　周末學校課程已經變得很常見，但是父母漸漸得更傾向于私人教師。那也是黑人和亞洲學生表現更出色的一個原因。一個教育愛心組織薩頓托管會關于11到16歲學生的調查顯示，相比20%接受私人輔導的白人學生，45%的亞洲學生有私人教師。另外一個研究顯示，相比平均水平索馬里的學生更可能得到私人輔導。供給也隨著需求的上升而上漲。伯明翰教育機構前程伙伴的主席卡馬特 伊克巴爾表示隨著越來越多的巴基斯坦人畢業，他們開始進入英國學校開始作為一個助教工作。

　　Black Caribbeans, a long-established group, are doing better but not dramatically so. Theyhave mostly lost immigrant zeal: many doubt that education will make much difference totheir chances in life, suggests Steve Strand, a professor of education atOxfordUniversity. Andsome teachers may be conflating bad behaviour with a lack ofaptitude. Afro-Caribbeans are less likely to be entered into higher tiers for exams wherethey could obtain the best grades.

　　而很早就站穩腳跟的加勒比黑人最近也表現得更加出色了但卻不是那么引人注目。牛津大學教授斯蒂文 斯特蘭德表示：他們中的大多數已經失去了移民的熱情，很多人懷疑教育是否會讓他們的人生有更多地機會。而且一些老師可能將惡劣的行為與缺乏學習天賦混為一談加勒比黑人很難去參加那些能取得好成績的考試。

　　Job prospects for ethnic minorities are not yet improving commensurately with their schoolresults. Despite their success in exams, Mr Khan worries that Bangladeshi students arechoosing easy A-levels, such as sociology and psychology, which limit their options.Pakistani pupils inBirminghamare doing better, says Mr Iqbal, but too many are still drivingtaxis and running corner shops or cheap restaurants.

　　為少數名族學生準備的工作卻沒有隨著他們學校成績的提高而增多。除開他們在考試中的成功不談，可汗擔心孟加拉學生去選擇一些容易拿A的科目，例如社會學和心理學，這可能會限制他們將來的發展。伊克巴爾表示伯明翰的巴基斯坦學生則做的好一些，但是有太多人依然在開出租車 經營街角商店和低端餐館。

　　Still, blacks and especially Asians are edging their way into the professions. Fully 2,087 BritishPakistanis started studying law at university in 2011, up from 478 in 2000. Some of thoselong-held ambitions are now being realised.

　　黑人尤其是亞裔人仍然在讓他們求職的路上緩慢前行。學習法律的巴基斯坦裔的從2000年的478人增加到了2011年的2087人。他們中一些曾有遠大理想的人現在也已經實現了。